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whats the best way to fix a air suspension leak in a 1999 navigator

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This article is about vehicle suspension. For the loudspeaker, see Acoustic interruption. For the frictionless acme, come across air bearing.

"Air ride" redirects here. For the Nintendo GameCube videogame, see Kirby Air Ride.

Air suspension is a blazon of vehicle intermission powered by an electrical or engine-driven air pump or compressor. This compressor pumps the air into a flexible bellows, ordinarily made from textile-reinforced rubber. Unlike hydropneumatic suspension, which offers many similar features, air break does not use pressurized liquid, merely pressurized air. The air pressure inflates the bellows, and raises the chassis from the axle.

Overview [edit]

Pneumatic spring on a semitrailer

Air interruption is used in identify of conventional steel springs in heavy vehicle applications such as buses and trucks, and in some passenger cars. It is widely used on semi trailers and trains (primarily passenger trains).

The purpose of air break is to provide a smoothen, constant ride quality, just in some cases is used for sports suspension. Modern electronically controlled systems in automobiles and light trucks well-nigh e'er characteristic self-leveling along with raising and lowering functions. Although traditionally called air bags or air bellows, the correct term is air leap (although these terms are likewise used to describe just the prophylactic bellows element with its end plates).

History [edit]

1909 A.S.L. motorcycle with air suspension

On 7 Jan 1901 the British engineer Archibald Precipitous patented a method for making a seal allowing pneumatic or hydraulic apparatus described as a "rolling mitten seal",[1] and on 11 January 1901 he applied for a patent for the utilize of the device to provide air break on bicycles.[ii] Further developments using this 1901 seal followed.[3] [4] A company Air Springs Ltd was formed and in 1909 started producing the A.South.L. motorcycle.[5] This was unusual in having pneumatic suspension at front and rear - rear suspension existence unusual in whatsoever form of motorcycle at that time. The suspension units were similar to the normal girder forks with the spring replaced by a scope air unit which could be pressurised to suit the passenger. Production of the motorcycles ceased in 1914.

On 22 Jan 1901 an American, William W. Humphreys, patented an thought - a 'Pneumatic Jump for Vehicles'.[6] The design consisted of a left and right air spring longitudinally channeled nearly the length of the vehicle. The channels were concaved to receive two long pneumatic cushions. Each i was closed at i cease and provided with an air valve at the other stop.[7]

From 1920, Frenchman George Messier provided aftermarket pneumatic suspension systems.[eight] His own 1922-1930 Messier automobiles featured a suspension "to hold the machine aloft on 4 gas bubbling."[9]

During Earth War Two, the U.Southward. developed the air suspension for heavy shipping in order to salve weight with compact construction. Air systems were also used in heavy trucks and aircraft to achieve self-levelling suspension. With adjustable air pressure, the axle superlative was independent of vehicle load.[10]

In 1946, American William Bushnell Stout built a non-product prototype Stout Scarab that featured numerous innovations, including a iv-wheel independent air suspension system.[xi]

In 1950, Air Lift Company patented a rubber air spring that is inserted into a car's factory coil jump. The air spring expanded into the spaces in the coil bound, keeping the mill leap from fully compressing, and the vehicle from sagging. The air springs were likewise commonly used on NASCAR race cars for many years.[12]

In 1954, Frenchman Paul Magès developed a functioning air/oil hydropneumatic intermission, incorporating the advantages of earlier air intermission concepts, but with hydraulic fluid rather than air nether pressure.[xiii] Citroën replaced the conventional steel springs on the rear axle of their top-of-range model, the Traction Avant xv Hydraulique.[14] In 1955, the Citroën DS incorporated 4 cycle hydropneumatic suspension. This combined a very soft, comfortable suspension, with controlled movements, for sharp handling, together with a self-levelling suspension.[15]

In 1956 air break was used on EMD's experimental Aerotrain.

In the U.S., General Motors built on its World State of war II feel with air interruption for trucks and airplanes. It introduced air suspension as standard equipment on the new 1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham.[16] An "Air Dome" assembly at each wheel included sensors to compensate for uneven road surfaces and to automatically maintain the car'south height.[17] For 1958 and 1959, the system continued on the Eldorado Brougham, and was offered every bit an extra cost choice on other Cadillacs.[eighteen] [19]

In 1958, Buick introduced an optional "Air-Poised Break" with four cylinders of air (instead of conventional ringlet springs) for automatic leveling, also as a "Bootstrap" control on the dashboard to raise the auto five.5 inches (139.seven millimetres) for use on steep ramps or rutted land roads, as well as for facilitating tire changes or to clean the whitewall tires.[20] For 1959, Buick offered an optional "Air Ride" organization on all models that combined "soft-rate" steel coil springs in the front end with air springs in the rear.[21]

An optional air intermission system was available on the 1958 and 1959 Rambler Ambassadors, also as on all American Motors "Cross Country" station wagon models.[22] [23] The "Air-Gyre Ride" utilized an engine-driven compressor, reservoir, air bags inside the coil springs, and a ride-tiptop control, but the $99 optional system was not popular among buyers and American Motors (AMC) discontinued information technology for 1960.[22] [24]

Merely Cadillac continued to offer air suspension through the 1960 model twelvemonth, where it was standard equipment on the Eldorado Seville, Biarritz, and Brougham.[25]

In 1960, the Borgward P 100 was the first German car with self-levelling air intermission.[26]

In 1962, the Mercedes-Benz W112 platform featured an air intermission on the 300SE models.[10] The system used a Bosch main valve with two beam valves on the front and one on the rear. These controlled a cone-shaped air bound on each wheel axle. The system maintained a constant ride height utilizing an air reservoir that was filled past a single-cylinder air compressor powered by the engine. In 1964, the Mercedes-Benz 600 used larger air springs and the compressed air organization also powered the brake servo.

Rolls-Royce incorporated self-levelling pause on the 1965 Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow, a system built under license from Citroën.

In 1975, the Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9 incorporated a hydropneumatic pause when the patents on the technology had expired.[ten] This design replaced the expensive, complex, and problematic compressed air system that was notwithstanding used on the 600 models until 1984.[ten]

Air intermission was not included in standard product American-built cars between 1960 and 1983. In 1984, Ford Motor Company incorporated a new pattern as a feature on the Lincoln Continental Marking VII.

In 1986, Toyota Soarer introduced the first electronically controlled (TEMS), a semi-active full air suspension (spring constant, variable attenuation strength).[27]

Dunlop Systems Coventry United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland were as well pioneers of Electronically Controlled Air Interruption (ECAS) for off-route vehicles - the term ECAS was successfully trade marked. The system was get-go fitted to the 93MY State Rover Range Rover.

In 1989, Arnott Air Break Products is founded, eventually expanding to a 300,000 foursquare foot manufacturing constitute in Merritt Isle, Fl., including 65,000 sq. ft Enquiry & Development center dedicated to Air Suspension, assisting in patents for BMW, Mercedes-Benz and more.

In 2002 the GMT 360 Trail Blazer SUV featured rear air assist air suspension with Dunlop air springs and an integrated Wabco command system.

In 2005 the GM H2 HUMMER featured an optional rear air interruption system with a dual compressor control system from Dunlop to support tire inflation for off-road applications.

In 2013, the Tesla Model S began offer peak adjustable air suspension.

Modernistic automobiles [edit]

Vehicles that have used air suspension include models from Maybach, Rolls-Royce, Lexus, Jeep, Ram, Cadillac (GM), Mercedes-Benz, Citroën, Porsche, Land Rover, SsangYong, Audi, Subaru, Volkswagen, Lincoln, Ford, and Tesla, amidst others. Some Citroën vehicles feature Hydractive pause, a computer controlled version of their Hydropneumatic system, which features sport and condolement modes, lowers the superlative of the machine at loftier speeds and continues to maintain ride elevation when the engine is not running.

The air intermission designs from Lincoln, Land Rover, SsangYong, Chrysler, Subaru, Audi, Volkswagen, Tesla, Porsche, and Lexus models feature pinnacle adaptable suspension suitable for making it easier to enter the vehicle, articulate bumps, or clear rough terrain. The Lincoln Continental, Town Car, Navigator and Marking Viii besides featured an air suspension organization which offered a controlled just smooth ride. Jaguar and Porsche has taken this to the side by side level on their XJ and Panamera models, with a system that changes the jump rate and damping settings, amidst other changes, for their sport/track modes. The Mark VIII break settings were also linked to the memory seat organization, pregnant that the auto would automatically adjust the suspension to individual drivers. The control system in the Mark VIII can lower the suspension by about 25 mm (ane inch) at speeds exceeding most 100 km/h (sixty mph) for improved aerodynamic functioning. One way automakers strive to improve gas mileage is by utilizing active break engineering science. Tesla Motors offers an included "Active Air Suspension" on the Model South and Model 10 to lower or raise the vehicle for aerodynamics and increased range.[28]

In 2014 the new C217 S-Grade Coupe introduced an update to Magic Body Control, called Active Bend Tilting.[29] This new system allows the vehicle to lean up to 2.5 degrees into a turn, similar to a tilting train. The leaning is intended to counter the issue of centrifugal strength on the occupants and is available just on rear-wheel drive models.[30] [31]

Custom applications [edit]

Customised VW Polo with fully lowered air pause, note camber of rear wheels coupled with 'fitment' of the rim

Over the last decade or so air suspension has become pop in the custom car culture: street rods, trucks, cars, and even motorcycles may have air springs. They are used in these applications to provide an adaptable interruption which allows vehicles to sit extremely low, yet be able ascension to a level high enough to maneuver over obstacles and inconsistencies on paved surfaces. These systems generally employ pocket-sized, electric or engine-driven air compressors which sometimes fill an on-board air receiver tank which stores compressed air for utilize in the future without delay. It is important that the tank is sized for the task and tin exist calculated using a specific formula involving the compressor output, standard atmospheric pressure and compressed pressure level.[32]

High-pressured industrial gas bottles (such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide tanks used to store shielding gases for welding) are sometimes used in more radical air suspension setups. Either of these reservoir systems may be fully adjustable, being able to accommodate each wheel's air pressure individually. This allows the user to tilt the vehicle side-to-side, front-to-dorsum, in some instances "hit a 3-wheel" (contort the vehicle so one wheel lifts up from the basis) or even "hop" the unabridged vehicle into the air. When a pressure level reservoir is present, the flow of air or gas is commonly controlled with pneumatic solenoid valves. This allows the user to make adjustments by just pressing a momentary-contact electric push button or switch.

The installation and configuration of these systems varies for different makes and models but the underlying principle remains the same. The metal spring (roll or leaf) is removed, and an air bag, also referred to as an air jump, is inserted or fabricated to fit in the identify of the mill spring. When air pressure is supplied to the air handbag, the pause can be adjusted either upwards or down (lifted or lowered).

For vehicles with leaf spring suspension such as pickup trucks, the foliage spring is sometimes eliminated and replaced with a multiple-bar linkage. These bars are typically in a trailing arm configuration and the air jump may be situated vertically between a link bar or the axle housing and a signal on the vehicle'southward frame. In other cases, the air bag is situated on the opposite side of the axle from the master link bars on an additional cantilever member. If the chief linkage bars are oriented parallel to the longitudinal (driving) axis of the car, the axle housing may be constrained laterally with either a Panhard rod or Watt's linkage. In some cases, two of the link bars may be combined into a triangular shape which effectively constrains the vehicles beam laterally.

Often, owners may desire to lower their vehicle to such an extent that they must cut away portions of the frame for more clearance. A reinforcement fellow member normally referred to equally a C-notch is then bolted or welded to the vehicle frame in order to maintain structural integrity. Specifically on pickup trucks, this procedure is termed "notching" considering a portion (notch) of the cargo bed may also be removed, along with the cycle wells, to provide maximum axle clearance.[33] For some, it is desirable to take the vehicle so depression that the frame rests on the ground when the air numberless are fully deflated. Owners generally cull between having their cars 'constrict' their wheels into the arches when their air interruption is fully lowered or alternatively they can choose to become for 'fitment' which in partnership with stretched tyres sees the curvation itself fit in between the tyre and rim.

Air suspension is too a common suspension upgrade for those who tow or haul heavy loads with their selection-up truck, SUV, van or motorcar. Air springs, also called "air helper springs," are placed on existing intermission components on the rear or front end of the vehicle in order to increase the load chapters. One of the advantages of using air suspension as a load back up enhancement is the air springs can be deflated when not towing or hauling and therefore maintaining the manufacturing plant ride quality.[34]

Electronic Air Interruption [edit]

Electronic Controlled Air Suspension (ECAS) is the name of the air suspension arrangement installed on the Range Rover Archetype in 1993[35] and afterwards on the Range Rover P38A. It was adult in the early 1990s by the company now known as Dunlop Systems and Components Ltd in Coventry, UK.

ECAS provides variable-height suspension for on- and off-road applications. The five suspension heights typically offered by ECAS are (from lowest to highest in terms of top) "Loading," "Highway," "Standard," "Off-Route," and "Off-Road Extended." Acme is controlled automatically based on speed and undercarriage sensors, but a manual ride height switch allows control over the pause by the commuter. The "Loading" and "Off-Road" heights are bachelor simply at speeds typically less than 35 miles per hour (56 km/h). The "Highway" setting is not available manually; it is ready when the vehicle moves at over typically 50 miles per hour (lxxx km/h) for over 30 seconds. Unlike a mechanical leap system (where deflection is proportional to load), height may be varied independently from the load by altering the pressure in the air springs.

The air springs were designed to provide a polish ride, with the additional ability to raise the body of the vehicle for off-road clearance and lower information technology for higher-speeds road driving. Mechanical springs, for which deflection is proportional to load, cannot exercise this; with ECAS peak is largely independent of load. The developers of ECAS besides designed LoadSafe, a related organization to define load and change in load on an LCV blazon vehicle fitted with air springs.

Components [edit]

The organisation comprises:

  • a vulcanised rubber air jump at each bike
  • an air compressor, which is typically located in the trunk (kicking) or under the bonnet
  • a compressed air storage tank may exist included for rapid "kneel", storing air at ~150psi (chiliad kPa), note (1psi=6.89kPa)
  • a valve block which routes air from the storage tank to the four air springs via a series of solenoids, valves and many o-rings
  • an ECAS computer which communicates with the car'due south main computer the BeCM and decides where to route air pressure
  • a serial of 6 mm air pipes which channel air throughout the system (mainly from the storage tank to the air springs via the valve cake)
  • an air drier canister containing desiccant
  • superlative sensors ideally on all four vehicle corners based, typically, on resistive contact sensing to give an absolute peak reference for each corner of the vehicle.
  • Dunlop Systems and Components Ltd have continued to develop the products to the point where the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) is now able to fit nether the vehicle floor. The control valves are much smaller and lighter and they produce their own range of compressors.

Common air suspension problems [edit]

Cut-manner of a deflated commercial truck air spring bellows. 'A' is the rubber bellows element

Air bag or air strut failure is usually caused by wet rust, due to former historic period, or moisture within the air organization that damages it from the inside. Air ride pause parts may neglect considering rubber dries out. Punctures to the air pocketbook may exist caused from debris on the route. With custom applications, improper installation may cause the air bags to rub against the vehicle's frame or other surrounding parts, dissentious it. The over-extension of an air spring which is non sufficiently constrained past other suspension components, such as a shock absorber, may also lead to the premature failure of an air leap through the vehement of the flexible layers. Failure of an air bound may besides result in complete immobilization of the vehicle, since the vehicle volition rub confronting the footing or exist too loftier to move. Nevertheless, virtually modern automotive systems have overcome many of these problems.

Air line failure is a failure of the tubing which connects the air bags or struts to the residuum of the air system, and is typically DOT-approved nylon air brake line. This usually occurs when the air lines, which must exist routed to the air bags through the chassis of the vehicle, rub confronting a precipitous edge of a chassis member or a moving pause component, causing a hole to form. This fashion of failure will typically take some time to occur after the initial installation of the system, as the integrity of a department of air line is compromised to the point of failure due to the rubbing and resultant abrasion of the material. An air line failure may also occur if a piece of road debris hits an air line and punctures or tears it, although this is unlikely to occur in normal road use. It does occur in harsh off-road weather but it withal not common if correctly installed.

Air fitting failure normally occurs when they are first fitted or very rarely in utilise. Inexpensive low quality components tend to exist very unreliable. Air fittings are used to connect components such as bags, valves, and solenoids to the air line that transfers the air. They are screwed into the component and for the most office push-in or button-to-fit DOT line is then inserted into the fitting.

Compressor failure is primarily due to leaking air springs or air struts. The compressor will burn out trying to maintain the right air pressure level in a leaking air system. Compressor burnout may besides be caused past moisture from within the air system coming into contact with its electronic parts. This is far more probable to occur with low specification compressors with insufficient duty bike which are frequently purchased due to low cost. For redundancy in the organization ii compressors are often a amend option.[36]

In Dryer failure the dryer, which functions to remove moisture from the air organisation, somewhen becomes saturated and unable to perform that office. This causes moisture to build up in the system and tin can result in damaged air springs and/or a burned out compressor.

ECAS problems [edit]

The ECAS computer tin can, using pre-programmed criteria to detect a fault, disable the organization into "Hard Fault Mode" which lowers the vehicle to the interruption bump-stops, leaving it usable with radically reduced performance until repaired.

Many enthusiasts utilize diagnostic devices such as laptop and hand computers running specially adult software to clear spurious faults and avoid the need for repair. Some manipulate the sensors to set the vehicle to a particular ride height at all times by adjusting the lever ratio on the elevation-sensing devices, or a supplementary ECU to "fool" the organisation.

Leaks in the system, oft due to chief seal vesture caused by excessive duty cycle, can cause premature compressor failure.

Use on coaches and buses [edit]

The current marketplace of buses have suspension organisation consisting of either mechanical or air suspension organisation. Compared to its analogue, air break system has significant benefits. Vehicle summit can exist maintained at a item value irrespective of its load by varying the pressure. Standard coaches as well have a system called ferry lift.[37] This allows the air suspension to be raised above the normal ride height level to assistance loading and unloading the coach on and off ferries due to their steep ramps and risk of grounding out, merely can also be used on crude ground or on steep crests. Although the ferry lift may be installed on some buses, the Kneel Down facility is more common on public transport buses. This helps reduce the step peak for easy ingress of passengers. The Kneel Down facility is as well used when using the congenital-in wheelchair ramps. Due to several advantages, air suspension has been extensively used in commercial vehicles since 1980.[38]

See besides [edit]

  • Leafage spring
  • Coil leap
  • Torsion bar suspension
  • Automotive suspension design
  • Self-levelling suspension
  • Hydropneumatic suspension
  • Dashpot
  • Agile break
  • Double wishbone pause
  • Height adjustable suspension
  • Strut bar
  • Sway bar

References [edit]

  1. ^ GB 190100412, "An Improved Packing Tube suitable for Pneumatic and Hydraulic Apparatus"
  2. ^ GB 190100764, "Improvements in Cycles"
  3. ^ GB 190924504, "Improvements in Telescopic Air Springs"
  4. ^ GB 191411358, "Improvements in or relating to Compressed Air Springs."
  5. ^ The A.Due south.L. Jump-Frame Motor Bicycle, The Motor Cycle, 7 Jul 1909, p502
  6. ^ US 673682
  7. ^ "Pneumatic Spring For Vehicles". Machine-History.Com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  8. ^ Nicholson, Timothy Robin (1966). The vintage car, 1919-1930. Batsford. p. 161. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  9. ^ Norbye, John P. (1972). "A Curt History of Air Suspensions". Special Interest Autos: 21. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  10. ^ a b c d Werminghausen, Martin (11 Feb 2014). "Mercedes Air Break" (PDF). 600airsuspension.com. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  11. ^ "1946 Stout Scarab Experimental news, pictures, and data". world wide web.conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  12. ^ "Nearly". Air Lift Visitor - Tow and Booty with Safety and Comfort. thirty September 2013. Retrieved 3 Nov 2020.
  13. ^ "Paul Magès père de l'hydraulique chez Citroën". paulmages.com . Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  14. ^ "Traction Avant 15cv, six cylindres, intermission hydraulique". Les Rendez-vous de La Reine . Retrieved 19 Jan 2015.
  15. ^ "Citroen - Going up a Gear | Motoring Special Features". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  16. ^ "1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (press release prototype)". Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 2. Retrieved sixteen June 2014.
  17. ^ "1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (printing release)". Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 14. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  18. ^ "1958 Cadillac brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. p. fifteen. Retrieved sixteen June 2014.
  19. ^ "1959 Cadillac brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 15. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  20. ^ "1958 Buick brochure". Oldcarbrochures.org. p. 30. Archived from the original on 4 August 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  21. ^ "1959 Buick brochure". Oldcarbrochures.org. p. 14. Archived from the original on iv March 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  22. ^ a b Car Editors of Consumer Guide (27 November 2007). "1958-1959 Rambler Administrator". HowStuffWorks.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  23. ^ "1959 Rambler Wagons brochure". Oldcarbrochures.org. p. v. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved xvi June 2014.
  24. ^ Flory, Jr., J. Kelly (2008). American Cars, 1946-1959: Every Model, Yr by Year. McFarland. p. 930. ISBN9780786452309 . Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  25. ^ "1960 Cadillac brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. p. sixteen. Retrieved sixteen June 2014.
  26. ^ Der vergessene Meilenstein, Automobile Bild (21 July 2010). Retrieved 17 November 2015 (in German).
  27. ^ "75 Years of Toyota - Technical Evolution - Chassis". toyota-global.com . Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  28. ^ "Model South Features". Tesla Motors. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  29. ^ http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1721304-1-1710008-i-0-0-1710107-0-one-12759-614216-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Under the microscope: Curve tilting function - Bend artist
  30. ^ "How the Active Bend Tilting Feature of the S-Course Coupe Works". BenzInsider.com. 16 Feb 2014. Retrieved two December 2014.
  31. ^ "The new Mercedes-Benz S-Class Coupé: The high-terminate coupé" (Press release). Stuttgart, Germany: Mercedes-Benz. 23 June 2014. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 2 Dec 2014.
  32. ^ "Air Receiver Tanks - Compressed Air Systems". Compressed Air Systems . Retrieved iii February 2016.
  33. ^ Mag, Truckin'; Staff, Truckin' Magazine (1 September 1999). How to Build Tri-Five Chevy Trucks: Operation Modifications and Upgrades for 1955-1957 Archetype. Penguin. ISBN9781557882592.
  34. ^ "About Air Pause". airliftcompany.com. nineteen September 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  35. ^ "1993 Range Rover". Archived from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 29 Nov 2018.
  36. ^ "What is a Compressor?". Airride.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  37. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit championship (link)
  38. ^ Sri Krishna Vignesh, Preetham (3 September 2015). "Indian bus market fast switching to air suspension applied science". Motorindia . Retrieved 9 October 2020.

External links [edit]

  • "Air Suspension FAQs and Terminology". airliftperformance.com. 7 March 2014.
  • "Air Suspension Terminology". airliftcompany.com. 11 November 2013.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_suspension

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